Environmental noise challenges and policies in low- and middle- income countries

Information on environmental noise challenges was gathered for 139 countries, identified by the World Bank as of low income (31), lower middle (52), and upper (56). Data levels were found in urban agglomerations two low-income, 13 middle-income, 20 middle-income countries. Environmental pollution continues to grow all studied cities due increase motor vehicle fleets, airport operations industries. The main driving forces are population growth, urbanization, motorization a large extent technological development. In this paper major sources low-income countries (excluding Member States road European Union) observed reviewed. also compiles adverse health effects extensive exposures that have already been some these key laws by-laws other regulations level their enforcement discussed.